Sage Mediated Mouthwash For Treating Oral Infections And To Maintain Oral Hygiene
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Abstract
Background: The long-term use of chemical mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine or triclosan is associated with adverse effects like tooth staining, dysgeusia, and mucosal irritation. Salvia officinalis (sage) possesses a rich phytochemical profile with documented antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to formulate a novel sage-mediated mouthwash, characterize its physicochemical and microstructural properties, evaluate its antibacterial efficacy against oral pathogens, and assess its hemocompatibility.
Methods: A crude hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis was prepared and incorporated into a base mouthwash matrix containing essential oils (eucalyptol, menthol, thymol) and cetylpyridinium chloride. The mixture was homogenized by continuous stirring for 5 hours. The formulated mouthwash was characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) using the agar well diffusion method. Hemocompatibility was assessed via a hemolytic assay on human erythrocytes following ASTM F756 standards.
Results: FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of key bioactive functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COO), carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub>), and amine (NH<sub>3</sub>) groups. SEM micrographs revealed an interconnected network of microscale spherical matrices with a porous surface morphology, indicative of a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. The formulated mouthwash demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, producing mean zones of inhibition of 18.3 ± 1.1 mm against S. aureus and 13.8 ± 0.8 mm against E. coli. The hemolytic rate was 2.9%, which is below the ASTM F756 threshold of 5%, classifying the material as non-hemolytic and highly hemocompatible.
Conclusion: The novel sage-mediated mouthwash was successfully formulated and characterized. It exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, a favorable microstructural profile for bioadhesion, and excellent hemocompatibility, positioning it as a promising natural alternative to synthetic chemical mouthwashes for maintaining oral hygiene and managing oral infections.
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