Comparative Evaluation Of Surface Roughness Of Fluoride Vs Non-Fluoride Toothpaste In Primary Teeth - In Vitro Study
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Abstract
Background: Primary teeth are essential for mastication, speech, and guiding permanent dentition. Toothpaste abrasives may alter enamel surface roughness, influencing plaque retention and caries risk. While fluoride toothpaste is the gold standard, non‑fluoride alternatives are increasingl used, but their effect on primary tooth surface roughness is poorly understood.
Aim: To compare changes in surface roughness (Ra, Rq, Rz) of primary teeth after simulated brushing with fluoride versus non‑fluoride toothpaste.
Materials and Methods: Eight extracted sound primary teeth were randomly allocated into two groups (n=4 each): fluoride toothpaste (1450 ppm F) and non‑fluoride toothpaste (herbal, fluoride‑free). Baseline surface roughness was measured using a stylus profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ 310). Specimens were subjected to 10,000 brushing cycles (equivalent to ~1 year of brushing) in a brushing simulator (ZM3.8 SD Mechatronik) with toothpaste slurries. Post‑brushing roughness was re‑measured. Paired t‑test compared pre‑ vs post‑values within each group; independent t‑test compared the change (Δ) between groups (p<0.05).
Results: Both groups showed a significant increase in surface roughness after brushing (p<0.05). The mean Ra increase (ΔRa) was 0.38 µm (95% CI: 0.12–0.64) for fluoride toothpaste and 1.52 µm (95% CI: 0.78–2.26) for non‑fluoride toothpaste. The increase was significantly greater in the non‑fluoride group (p=0.02). Similar trends were observed for Rq and Rz.
Conclusion: Non‑fluoride toothpaste caused a substantially greater increase in primary tooth surface roughness than fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride toothpaste not only prevents caries chemically but may also help preserve smoother enamel, potentially reducing plaque accumulation. Clinicians should consider these surface effects when recommending toothpaste for children.
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References
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