Electoral Behaviour and Identity Politics in Manipur: An Empirical Study

Abstract

The political landscape of Northeast India, especially in Manipur, is marked by complex layers of conflict, both vertical (state versus non-state actors) and horizontal (ethnic tensions), which significantly influence electoral behavior and governance outcomes. The region, described by the World Bank as trapped in a cycle of poverty, conflict, and mistrust in political institutions, faces a unique challenge in aligning electoral processes with democratic ideals. This paper explores the relationship between regular elections, governance quality, and conflict resolution in Manipur, emphasizing whether higher electoral participation correlates with fair governance and reduced conflict. The study examines how ethnic divisions and insurgency complicate the effectiveness of elections, highlighting the roles of political parties, civil society, and gender in shaping voter behavior. The paper utilizes archival research, ethnography, and document analysis to delve into the intersection of electoral practices and identity politics in a state plagued by systemic instability. The findings suggest that while Manipur witnesses high voter turnout, electoral practices are often undermined by violence, corruption, and unresolved conflicts. Despite these challenges, the rise of national parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 21^st century reflects a shift in the state's electoral dynamics, as economic dependency and regional aspirations drive voters toward national platforms. The BJP’s increasing success contrasts with the decline of regional parties such as the Indian National Congress (INC), the Manipur People’s Party (MPP), and the Federal Party of Manipur (FPM). Ultimately, the paper argues that electoral politics in conflict zones like Manipur must evolve to bridge the gap between electoral participation and tangible governance outcomes, fostering genuine democratic representation and social cohesion.